Yamanaka Factors

Definition

Yamanaka factors are a set of transcription factors that can reprogram mature cells toward an induced pluripotent stem cell state. The classic four factors are Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc, often abbreviated OSKM. They were identified by Shinya Yamanaka and colleagues as factors capable of converting adult mouse and human cells into induced pluripotent stem cells under experimental conditions. [1] [2] [3]

Why It Matters in Ageing Research

Yamanaka factors matter in ageing research because they showed that cell identity and some age-associated cellular features can be reset through changes in gene regulation and epigenetic state. Full expression of these factors can erase mature cell identity, while partial or transient reprogramming approaches try to restore more youthful cellular features without fully converting cells into pluripotent stem cells. This makes OSKM central to discussions of cellular reprogramming, epigenetic rejuvenation, regeneration, and the safety challenges of controlling cell fate in living tissues. [4] [5] [6]

Common Confusion

• Yamanaka factors are not a supplement or approved anti-ageing treatment.
• Full reprogramming and partial reprogramming are different uses of related biology.
• c-Myc can improve reprogramming efficiency, but it is also associated with cancer-related safety concerns.

Related Reading

• Cellular Reprogramming
• Epigenetic Clock
• Stem Cell Exhaustion

References

1. Takahashi, K., & Yamanaka, S. (2006). Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16904174/
2. Takahashi, K., et al. (2007). Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18035408/
3. Wernig, M., et al. (2007). In vitro reprogramming of fibroblasts into a pluripotent ES-cell-like state. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17554336/
4. Mahmoudi, S., & Brunet, A. (2012). Aging and reprogramming: A two-way street. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22794222/
5. Ocampo, A., et al. (2016). In vivo amelioration of age-associated hallmarks by partial reprogramming. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27984723/
6. Gill, D., et al. (2022). Multi-omic rejuvenation of human cells by maturation phase transient reprogramming. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35418301/